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h1. Installing Drush for working with Drupal 6-8 and Backdrop

Palante has a few reasons to run different versions of Drush:

* We're currently supporting or building Drupal 6, 7, 8 _and_ Backdrop sites.
* We've fallen victim to the "weird gotcha where Drush destroys your git repo and other non-Drupal files":https://github.com/drush-ops/drush/issues/1581 that seems to happen more often with Drush 8 than other versions.
* Some of our clients' servers don't support anything newer than Drush 6; if we run remote commands against those servers, like @drush sql-sync@, we need to use Drush 6 locally, too.

Below is a solution that allows us to use Drush 6, 7 and 8 in the same environment.

h2. Install Drush 6, 7 and 8 for all users

I've followed the "To install for all users on the server" instructions under "Composer - One Drush for all Projects" in the "Drush 7 installation documentation":http://docs.drush.org/en/7.x/install/, adapted for different versions of Drush.

TODO: Update the instructions below to indicate that running @composer install@ as root is a "security risk":https://getcomposer.org/doc/faqs/how-to-install-untrusted-packages-safely.md, give alternative approach.

Some of our clients' servers aren't capable of running anything newer than Drush 6. If you need to run commands like @drush sql-sync@ against those servers from your local or dev environment, you'll need Drush 6 installed. Run the following commands as root or using @sudo@.

<pre>
git clone https://github.com/drush-ops/drush.git -b 6.6.0 /usr/local/src/drush6
cd /usr/local/src/drush6
composer install
ln -s /usr/local/src/drush6/drush /usr/bin/drush6
</pre>

To install Drush 7, run the following commands as root or using @sudo@.

<pre>
git clone https://github.com/drush-ops/drush.git -b 7.4.0 /usr/local/src/drush7
cd /usr/local/src/drush7
composer install
ln -s /usr/local/src/drush7/drush /usr/bin/drush7
</pre>

Replace "7.4.0" with the tag of the most recent stable 7.x release (see https://github.com/drush-ops/drush/releases).

Then install Drush 8, again running these commands as root or using @sudo@.

<pre>
git clone https://github.com/drush-ops/drush.git -b 8.1.18 /usr/local/src/drush8
cd /usr/local/src/drush8
composer install
ln -s /usr/local/src/drush8/drush /usr/bin/drush8
</pre>

Replace "8.1.18" (last updated in this documentation on 2/4/19) with the tag of the most recent stable 8.x release (see https://github.com/drush-ops/drush/releases)

You can now use the @drush6@, @drush7@ or @drush8@ commands to run each specific version of Drush.

h3. Updating Drush when installed this way

To update a Drush installation installed in this manner, run the following commands within the @/usr/local/src/<drush-version>@ directory:

<pre>
git fetch
git checkout tags/<new version> -b <new version>
composer install
</pre>

Replace @<new version>@ with "the most recent stable release":https://github.com/drush-ops/drush/releases of the Drush version you're updating.

h2. Install Drush on May First/People Link (MFPL) and other shared hosting environments

Primarily drawn from "this MFPL ticket;":https://support.mayfirst.org/ticket/11691#comment:3 thanks Ivan!

First, install Composer following "these instructions":https://getcomposer.org/download/.

Then to install Drush:

<pre>
echo 'export PATH="$HOME/.composer/vendor/bin:$PATH"' >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc
cd ~/<organization.org>/bin
php composer.phar global require drush/drush:7.4.0
which drush
</pre>

Note that sometimes @cgi-bin@ is present on MFPL sites instead of @bin@.

If using Drush aliases, you may need to specify the new Drush installation in the shared @aliases.drushrc.php@ file or a local aliases file. Here's an example:

<pre>
$aliases['organization'] = array(
  'remote-host' => 'organization.org',
  'remote-user' => 'organization',
  'root' => '/home/members/organization/sites/organization.org/web',
  'uri' => 'organization.org',
  'path-aliases' => array(
    '%drush-script' => '/home/members/organization/sites/organization.org/users/organization/.composer/vendor/bin/drush',
    '%dump-dir' => '~/drush-backups',
    '%files' => '/home/members/organization/sites/organization.org/web/sites/default/files',),
);
</pre>

h2. Install and update Drush Backdrop commands

In order for Drush to work with Backdrop, you must install the "Drush Backdrop commands":https://github.com/backdrop-contrib/drush within the Drush 8 installation itself.

Assuming that Drush 8 is installed in @/usr/local/src/drush8@, as specified above:

<pre>
git clone https://github.com/backdrop-contrib/drush.git /usr/local/src/drush8/commands/backdrop
</pre>

To update Drush Backdrop commands later, run @git pull origin@ from within the @drush8/commands/backdrop@ directory.

h2. Create script to automatically switch Drush versions based on git configuration setting

As per "this excellent guide from Marc van Gend of Triquanta":https://www.triquanta.nl/blog/automatically-switch-drush-versions-project, I've set up a script to let us switch between versions of Drush on a project-by-project basis using git configuration settings.

The script, which lives at @/usr/bin/drush@ and is therefore called whenever someone runs the @drush@ command:

<pre>
#!/bin/bash
version=$(git config --get drush.version)
if [ "$version" = '8' ];
then
    drush8 "$@"
elif [ "$version" = '6' ];
  then
  drush6 "$@"
else
    drush7 "$@"
fi
</pre>

h2. Set drush.version git variable on a per-project basis

In this configuration, Drush 7 is the default version of Drush. For the script above to automatically switch to a non-default version of Drush for a given project, set the @drush.version@ value in the git repo for the project by running @git config drush.version <version>@. For example:

<pre>
$ drush --version
 Drush Version   :  7.2.0
$ git config drush.version 8
$ drush --version
 Drush Version   :  8.0.5
</pre>

h2. Update Drush remote site aliases to use correct Drush scripts

If you've got Drush site aliases set up for remote sites on servers where multiple versions of Drush are available, update your @aliases.drushrc.php@ file to include the specific drush script that should be used on the remote site. See the "example.aliases.drushrc.php":https://github.com/drush-ops/drush/blob/master/examples/example.aliases.drushrc.php file if you need help creating your @aliases.drushrc.php@ file or learning about <code>%drush-script</code>.

An example @aliases.drushrc.php@ file with <code>%drush-script</code> specified:

<pre>
$aliases['drupal8'] = array(
  'remote-host' => 'fake-dev-server.palantetech.coop',
  'remote-user' => 'jack',
  'root' => '/var/www/dev/drupal8',
  'uri' => 'drupal8.palantetech.coop',
  'path-aliases' => array(
    '%drush-script' => '/usr/bin/drush8',
  )
);
$aliases['drupal7'] = array(
  'remote-host' => 'fake-dev-server.palantetech.coop',
  'remote-user' => 'jack',
  'root' => '/var/www/dev/drupal7',
  'uri' => 'drupal7.palantetech.coop',
  'path-aliases' => array(
    '%drush-script' => '/usr/bin/drush7',
  )
);
</pre>

h2. Additional resources

* https://www.triquanta.nl/blog/automatically-switch-drush-versions-project
* https://www.lullabot.com/articles/switching-drush-versions